RAWMI Annual Report for 2021-2022

The Raw Milk Institute (RAWMI) is on a mission to improve the safety and quality of raw milk and raw milk products through farmer training, rigorous raw milk standards, raw milk research, and improving consumer education.

In 2021, RAWMI was awarded a 3rd grant for $50k from the Regenerative Agriculture Foundation (RAF) to further our work. RAWMI matches an economic benefit of stewardship of pastures and soils to high value raw dairy products for consumers. Safe raw milk from pastured cows can sustain the farm financially while the grazing improves the soils.

With the 3rd grant from RAF, RAWMI was able to accomplish much towards the overall goal of universal access to safe raw milk. With the unique continuing challenges of 2021, RAWMI was able to carry on with making progress through the latest methods and models for training and outreach.

Over the last year, RAWMI:

• Trained over 250 farmers, legislators, university professors, and consumers on raw milk benefits and risk management

• Prepared and presented a 1.5 hour training course for dairy farmers who are considering the switch to raw milk, for the Massachusetts Northeast Organic Farmers Association (NOFA-MASS)

• Developed 17-part Raw Milk Risk Management online video training series for raw milk farmers, which has been accessed by hundreds of additional farmers

• Worked with state and local regulators in Montana to develop a model for training raw milk farmers

• LISTED six new farms in Virginia, California, Michigan, British Columbia Canada, North Carolina, and Arkansas, who each went through the process of developing an individualized Risk Assessment and Management Plan (RAMP) for managing the health and hygiene of their unique farms

• Provided one-on-one mentoring in the production of low-risk raw milk to over 30 additional farms in California, Michigan, Virginia, Montana, Pennsylvania, Texas, Idaho, Vermont, Iowa, North Dakota, Washington, Oregon, New Zealand, Czech Republic, Ontario Canada, and British Columbia Canada

• Hosted quarterly meetings for LISTED farmers, which allow the farmers to stay up-to-date on the latest lessons learned for safe raw milk

• Performed an independent research study on pathogen growth in raw milk

• Amassed hundreds of raw milk test data from RAWMI LISTED farms 

• Attended and sponsored International Milk Genomics Consortium Conference

• Worked with researchers from Spectacular Labs who are developing on-farm technology for pathogen testing

• Worked towards legalization of interstate raw butter and increased legal access to raw milk in Iowa and Canada (with Canadian Artisan Dairy Alliance)

• Published 9 content pieces on the RAWMI website and developed new brochure on the Benefits of Raw Milk

• Developed on-farm lab training materials and provided on-farm lab sponsorships to 5 farms

Raw Milk Training

RAWMI taught about raw milk health benefits and safety throughout the United States via web-based training. Whenever RAWMI teaches about raw milk risk management, soil and conditions management are emphasized as key elements in creating healthy, sustainable farms.

Dairy animals grazing on pastures provide a critical link to the soil biome and restorative farm practices. Pasture-based dairy farms produce healthy soils that are rehabilitated and renewed through the cycle of returning organic carbon to the soil in the form of plants biomass and manure. The resulting food that is harvested by either the animals or the farmer is rich in nutritional elements needed for human health. 

Real-Time Training Courses

Via Zoom and podcast, raw milk and organic farming training was presented to over 250 farmers, legislators, university professors, university students, and consumers in association with the following:

• Massachusetts Northeast Organic Farmers Association (NOFA-Mass)

• Rutgers University

• Here’s to Your Health podcast with Josh Lane

On-Demand Training Course

RAWMI developed a 17-part video training series on Raw Milk Risk Management. This training series is now available for FREE on both the RAWMI website and Vimeo.  This video training has been accessed by hundreds of farmers.

Raw Milk Support in Montana

In Montana, raw milk was recently legalized with no regulatory oversight with the adoption of SB199.  This seeming victory for food freedom has the potential to go awry if raw dairy farmers are not properly trained in the production of low-risk raw milk. 

After an outbreak of Campylobacter was tied to one raw dairy farm in Montana, RAWMI was contacted and became heavily involved in helping the farmer learn best practices for raw milk production, install an on-farm lab for milk bacterial testing, and build better facilities for ongoing production of safe raw milk.

RAWMI is now collaborating with state and local regulators to develop a model for training Montana raw milk farmers in the production of low-risk raw milk. In partnership with Alternative Energy Resources Organization (AERO), RAWMI was awarded a small grant for $5k to cover travel costs for onsite training in Montana later in 2022. This training program will help in ensuring that the legalization of raw milk in Montana is a long-term success.  

Farmer Mentoring  

RAWMI worked with individual farmers across the United States, Canada, and internationally. RAWMI provided one-on-one mentoring and troubleshooting support for low-risk raw milk production, including helping farmers optimize their raw milk production, overcome problems in their milk systems and testing, and learn more about successful business practices.  This mentorship benefited farmers in:

• California

• Idaho

• Iowa

• Michigan

• Montana

• North Dakota

• Oregon

• Pennsylvania

• Texas

• Vermont

• Virginia

• Washington

• New Zealand

• Czech Republic

• British Columbia, Canada

• Ontario, Canada

RAWMI LISTED Farms

RAWMI LISTED farmers are dedicated to producing clean, safe raw milk. The RAWMI listing process involves the development of individualized Risk Assessment and Management Plans (RAMPs) for managing the health and hygiene of each unique farm. RAWMI LISTED farms submit test data monthly to show that they are in compliance with RAWMI Common Standards, which target a rolling three-month average of <5,000 standard plate count (SPC) and <10 coliforms per ml of raw milk.

In the last year, RAWMI LISTED six more farms, in Virginia, California, Michigan, British Columbia Canada, North Carolina, and Arkansas. To-date, RAWMI has LISTED 29 farms, and there are currently 22 active LISTED farms in the United States and Canada.

RAWMI provided continuing support to all LISTED farmers to enable sustained excellence in low-risk raw milk. This included quarterly meetings for LISTED farmers, which allow the farmers to stay up-to-date on the latest lessons learned for safe raw milk, exchange ideas for improvements, and collaborate with the RAWMI Board of directors.

Raw Milk Research and Science

RAWMI’s mission includes supporting raw milk research and science. Through this work, RAWMI helps raw milk become safer and more accepted by regulatory agencies.

Pathogen Growth Study

In order to generate a stronger scientific basis for assessments of risks of pathogen growth in raw milk, RAWMI commissioned a pilot study on pathogen growth performed by an independent 3rd party lab certified to perform pathogen testing, Food Safety Net Services (FSNS).  This pilot study was partially paid for through donations. 

In this pilot study, samples of well-produced raw milk were purposely inoculated at two levels with the four main pathogens of concern for raw milk: E coli 0157:H7, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., and Listeria monocytogenes. The objective of this pilot study was to document growth characteristics of these pathogens in carefully produced raw milk over a period of 14 days when stored at the refrigeration temperature recommended by FDA and USDA.

The most relevant finding of the study was that at moderate Inoculum Level I, no pathogen growth was observed through at least 6 days of refrigerated storage. Over the study period of 14 days, the counts per mL of E coli 0157:H7, Salmonella spp., and Campylobacter spp. decreased over time. These results indicate that, when stored at the recommended refrigerator temperature, moderate to high counts of E coli 0157:H7, Salmonella spp., and Campylobacter spp. did not multiply over time in raw milk. Listeria monocytogenes exhibited some growth in this study after 9 days of refrigeration at both moderate- and high-level inoculum levels.

Raw Milk Bacterial Test Data

RAWMI LISTED farmers test their milk at least monthly for coliforms and Standard Plate Count (SPC). These tests provide a way to measure the amount of bacteria present in the milk, as well as providing a measure of the overall hygiene and cleanliness of the milk. Monthly testing serves as a useful confirmation step for ensuring that raw milk is being produced in a way that discourages pathogen growth and is therefore low-risk.

Test data from LISTED farms is submitted to RAWMI monthly. RAWMI amassed hundreds of test data from RAWMI LISTED farms over the last year.  This data can be used for raw milk research and demonstrates that low-risk raw milk is achievable on both small-scale and large-scale raw dairy farms.

International Milk Genomics Consortium

RAWMI was a sponsor of the 18th International Milk Genomics Consortium (IMGC) and attended the virtual IMGC conference. As part of that conference, RAWMI is now engaged with international research and relationships with PhD researchers across the world. The IMGC provides access to the most leading-edge studies on milk genomics.

An abstract about the pathogen growth pilot study is being prepared for presentation at the 19th IMGC conference later in 2022.

Development of On-Farm Pathogen Testing Technology

On-farm pathogen testing for raw milk has been considered too risky due to the potential for cross-contamination and inadvertent pathogen release.  However, researchers from Spectacular Labs are developing new technology for rapid on-farm pathogen testing. RAWMI collaborated with Spectacular Labs by providing a real-world farm environment where they could test their concept.

Raw Dairy Legalization and Support

RAWMI continued to collaborate with the Farm-to-Consumer Legal Defense Fund (FTCLDF) towards the legalization of raw butter. Raw butter is an exceptionally nutritious food. For instance, the enzyme alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is found in the butter fat membrane that covers fat globules. ALP decreases inflammation in the body; it is associated with good health and less chronic illness, such as cardiovascular disease and Type-2 diabetes. Raw milk has 4% butter fat, but raw butter contains 86% fat and thus it is very high in alkaline phosphatase.  ALP enzyme is destroyed by pasteurization. The case for legalization of raw butter is currently in Federal Appeals Court, and the next step is the US Supreme Court.

RAWMI worked towards legalization of raw milk in specific states and countries.  RAWMI provided support for lawmakers and farmers who were proposing a bill to legalize raw milk in Iowa.  Additionally, RAWMI collaborated with the Canadian Artisan Dairy Alliance, who is working towards legalization of raw milk in Canada.

RAWMI also created outreach materials for educating state agriculture departments about the benefits of raw milk for dairy farmers. RAWMI mailed letters to state agriculture departments all across the USA.

Raw Dairy Educational Outreach

RAWMI created educational materials and articles for raw milk consumers and the general public. Numerous articles were published to the RAWMI website and social media, with a wide array of topics including:

• Allergies and raw milk

• Profiles of 6 raw milk farmers across the USA and Canada

• “It’s Time to Go Raw” seminar for organic dairy farmers

• Pathogen growth in raw milk

• Importance of predictive microbiology for raw milk risk assessment

• Breastfeeding and peanut allergies

• Benefits of milk on osteoarthritis

• Raw milk and protection against eczema

• Nutritional benefits of raw milk

• How and why to make milk kefir

• Dairy foods and fall prevention in older adults

• Benefits of pasture-based farming

On-Farm Lab Training and Sponsorships

Frequent bacterial testing of raw milk is one of the pillars of producing low-risk raw milk. However, milk testing costs can be an ongoing financial burden which make small-scale farmers hesitant to test their milk often. On-farm testing is a great solution to this dilemma.

On-farm lab testing is a powerful tool for raw milk farmers.  It allows for frequent testing, so farmers can better identify issues before they turn into big problems, and it also helps immeasurably with troubleshooting when needed.  On-farm labs require an initial investment of $800-$1,000, but once the lab is in-place the cost per test is only $1-$3. With RAWMI’s sponsorship, five additional farms were able to build their own on-farm labs for testing coliforms and Standard Plate Count.

RAWMI also created educational materials about on-farm labs, including materials lists, how-to guides, and methods for using different brands of testing media.

Welcoming Kelsey Barefoot to the RAWMI Board of Directors

The Raw Milk Institute (RAWMI) sends a warm welcome to Kelsey Barefoot, who has now joined our Board of Directors!  

Kelsey is a former Critical Care Nurse who quit her nursing job to pursue her passion for a healthier life for herself, her family, and her community. Kelsey has been an Admin Assistant for RAWMI for a year, helping with raw milk data collection, answering inquiries from our website, and mentoring farmers who are working on becoming Listed by RAWMI.  Kelsey is a natural fit to join the RAWMI Board of Directors and she brings an additional farmer’s perspective to the table.

At Kelsey’s own micro-dairy herdshare, The Barefoot Cow, she tests her milk frequently in her on-farm lab. Kelsey’s farm became Listed by RAWMI last Fall, and her experience has been a great asset in assisting other farmers who are pursuing the production of low-risk raw milk. Kelsey’s farm is an extension of the generational family farm, as she was mentored by her parents at Jewel Hill Farms, another RAWMI Listed farm.

Congratulations to Kelsey in joining our Board of Directors!

On-Farm Lab Testing for Raw Milk Farmers

On-farm labs are a valuable and economical tool for raw dairy farmers

The three pillars of the Raw Milk Institute’s (RAWMI) Method for safe, low-risk raw milk are 1) farmer mentoring, 2) risk management plan for each farm, and 3) regular bacterial testing of raw milk.  This method works well and has been documented to lead to a significant reduction in raw milk-related illnesses and outbreaks. Researchers who have studied the safety of raw milk produced with the RAWMI Method have concluded that “raw milk can be produced with a high level of hygiene and safety.”

RAWMI’s farmer mentoring program and assistance in developing an individualized risk management plan are free for all farmers. However, milk testing costs can be an ongoing financial burden which make small-scale farmers hesitant to test their milk often. But there is a great solution to this: on-farm testing!

What is an On-Farm Lab?

Pioneered by Edwin Shank from The Family Cow dairy in Pennsylvania, on-farm labs are a tremendous resource for dairy farmers. On-farm labs can be set-up on the countertop in a small, clean workspace. Once the lab area is ready, farmers can easily test their milk for coliforms and Standard Plate Count with the use of a small incubator. 

Set-up costs for on-farm labs are in the range of $800-$1,000.  RAWMI is currently offering grants of up to $500 to offset lab costs for farmers who are Listed or going through our Listing program. After the initial set-up costs, raw milk testing costs are only $1-$3 for each test performed in the on-farm lab.

Benefits of On-Farm Labs

On-farm labs have numerous benefits for raw milk farmers. As Mark McAfee says, “What gets measured gets done.”  Ignorance is not bliss when it comes to raw milk. Testing allows farmers to dependably produce low-risk raw milk with confidence.

With on-farm labs:

• Farmers can test their milk for coliforms and Standard Plate Count.

• Ongoing testing costs are only $1-$3 per test.

• Farmers can inexpensively test their milk as often as desired, so they can identify patterns in their bacterial counts which help in identifying trouble spots ahead of time.

• The effects of new equipment or procedures on bacterial levels can be evaluated.

• Farmers can test more often as needed for troubleshooting high bacteria counts.

• Annual water tests can also be performed.

The bacterial tests performed in an on-farm lab (coliform and Standard Plate Count) are used to provide a general indicator that the milk is being produced in a way that is unlikely to lead to pathogens and pathogen growth.  The RAWMI Common Standards aim for a rolling three-month average of <5,000 cfu/mL for SPC and <10 cfu/mL for coliforms.

NOTE: RAWMI does not recommend on-farm testing for specific pathogens (such as e coli 0157:H7, salmonella, listeria mono, etc), due to potential hazards from accidental release of pathogens on the farm.

Two Different Systems for On-Farm Testing

There are currently two different systems for performing on-farm testing, developed by 3M and Charm Sciences.  Both of these systems work well for on-farm raw milk testing, and the basic lab equipment (incubator, lightbox, magnifier, etc) are the same with either system.

3M’s testing system uses petri-films and provides results in 24 hours.  Unopened packages of 3M petrifilms are stored in the refrigerator or freezer for up to 18 months, with opened packages being stored at room temperature for up to one month.

Charm Sciences testing system uses peel-plates and provides results in 24-48 hours.  The peel plates can be stored at room temperature for up to 12 months. Testing costs are currently a bit lower with Charm Sciences peel-plates than with 3M petrifilms. 

How to Do On-Farm Bacterial Testing for Raw Milk

Here are several free resources for farmers who are interested in doing on-farm milk testing.

RAWMI VIDEO: How to Test Raw Milk with Charm Sciences Peel Plates

On-Farm Lab Testing: A Guide to Raw Milk Bacteria Testing from Six S Dairy

Comprehensive 20-page guide to on-farm testing with 3M Petri-Films, including materials list, procedures, results interpretation, and tips for success

Charm Sciences Peel Plate User Guide from The Barefoot Cow Dairy

5-page materials list and procedures for performing on-farm testing with Charm Sciences peel plates

Raw Milk Lab Materials List from The Family Cow Dairy

Short 1-page list of materials required for performing on-farm testing with 3M Petri-Films

Raw Milk Lab Procedures from The Family Cow Dairy

Short 2-page list of procedures for on-farm lab testing with 3M Petri-Films

Other Helpful Resources

• 3M coliform interpretation guide

• 3M SPC interpretation guide

• VIDEO: 3M PetriFilms

• VIDEO: Charm Sciences Peel Plates

• VIDEO: 3M Petrifilms vs Charm Sciences Peel Plate side-by-side demo

Why is Predictive Microbiology Crucial to Raw Milk Risk Assessment?

Earlier this month, readers of the feature article written by Sarah Smith, my colleague at the Raw Milk Institute (RAWMI), learned about pathogen growth in raw milk. RAWMI contracted with an independent laboratory to conduct a pilot study with an experimental design based on published studies on Predictive Microbiology, the science supporting models of the growth and survival of microbes under different experimental conditions. This article provides readers with more information about what Predictive Microbiology is and why it is important to dairy farmers and raw milk consumers in the 21st century.

Why is Predictive Microbiology important to dairy farmers and raw milk consumers?

Awareness of Predictive Microbiology is important because pathogen growth is modeled in the Exposure Assessment portion of Microbial Risk Assessments (MRAs; FDA/FSIS, 2003; FSANZ, 2009), and the models selected often intentionally overestimate pathogen growth by design, as ‘fail-safe’ models (Tamplin et al., 2002; Coleman et al., 2003a,b; Ross et al., 2003; Coleman, 2021). In other words, regulators rely on predictive microbiology models in estimating the level of risk, and the models that have been available thus far typically intentionally overestimate the risk of pathogen growth. 

The advantage for risk managers and regulators in selecting policies based on ‘fail-safe’ models that overestimate growth is the appearance of minimizing public health breaches or ‘failures’ (e.g., illnesses or outbreaks) if anything goes wrong along the food safety chain from production to consumption. The disadvantage for dairy farmers and raw milk consumers is that the growth models applied for raw milk MRAs are wrong, based on intentionally biased experiments that overestimate actual pathogen growth in raw foods and thus overestimate risk of illness to consumers.

For a quick overview of MRA, see the text box and figure in the forthcoming May 2022 article entitled Raw Milk Risks from a Microbiologist’s Perspective that I prepared for Weston A. Price Foundation’s Wise Traditions journal.

Science of Predictive Microbiology

Microbiologists including those at the USDA’s Agricultural Research Service in Wyndmoor, PA, began designing ‘factorial’ experiments for modeling pathogen growth in the 1990s, selecting rich nutrient culture broths amenable to testing a wide variety of levels of different ‘factors’ that influence microbial growth. The study designs were inexpensive and accurate, compared to more expensive and more complex analysis for different foods. The data from these experiments are generally well validated experimentally: that is, for growth in pure culture broths.

Such data formed the basis of free online tools for predicting growth, including the USDA’s Pathogen Modeling Program (PMP). The experiments were designed to include multiple levels of different factors including pH and salt or water activity that are similar to levels that can be measured in foods. The advantages of such tools based on broth culture experiments for government and academic risk assessors are that they might extrapolate the broth culture growth models to foods with similar levels of factors measured, and assume the models are still accurate. This could be beneficial because conducting pathogen growth studies in foods under diverse conditions of temperature and storage is expensive and time consuming.

Screenshot from USDA PMP

Now, with access to PMP, the risk assessor can select the inputs from those tested in multiple factor broth culture experiments from the sliders illustrated in the screen shot from PMP on the left. I illustrated a growth scenario with an appropriate refrigeration temperature (5°C or 41°F, from a range of 5-42°C or 41-107.6°F) and a pH (6.5, from a range of 4.5-8.5) relevant to raw milk.

The first problem for dairy farmers and raw milk consumers is that models based on optimal growth of pathogens in pure cultures described by rich broth culture models overestimate actual pathogen growth in raw milk. As early as 1997, university researchers published experimental results reporting that the rate of growth of the pathogen E. coli O157:H7 was significantly slower in raw milk than pasteurized (Wang et al., 1997). The authors noted that the difference in growth rates was likely due to the natural microbes in raw milk that outcompete pathogens and limit their growth in raw, not pasteurized, milk.

Another problem for farmers and consumers is that the broth culture study designs are typically biased by inclusion of only high initial pathogen levels (> 3 log10 colony forming units (CFU) per mL or >1,000 CFU/mL, from a range of 3 to 5.9 log10 CFU/mL).  Even in rich culture broth, growth rates are lower at low inoculum levels (~1 CFU/mL; Coleman et al., 2003). Biased growth models (based on rich nutrient broth, high initial inoculum, and/or absence of natural milk microbiota) result in biased MRAs that overestimate raw milk risks.

You may not be surprised to learn that some microbial risk assessment teams, including the Food Standards Australia New Zealand team (FSANZ, 2009), selected rich culture broth studies (Salter et al., 1998; Ross et al., 2003) that measured growth of harmless or commensal E. coli strains that are part of our healthy gut microbiota, not even pathogenic strains like O157:H7 that can cause illness and grow at slower rates. FSANZ excluded an available study on growth of the pathogen E. coli O157:H7 itself in raw and pasteurized milk reported by Wang and esteemed food scientist Mike Doyle at the University of Georgia (Wang et al., 1997).

Why do you think the FSANZ team decided not to cite Mike Doyle’s study, a study they should have known about? Likely because it measured lower pathogen growth rates in raw milk than in pasteurized milk (and broth). Thus, it seems that FSANZ likely excluded the study because the results did not support their notion that raw milk is inherently dangerous, and more dangerous than pasteurized milk. A short plain language summary prepared by the Australian Raw Milk Movement (ARMM) and the full 73-page technical report that I prepared for them (Coleman, 2021) are both available on the ARMM website. See the technical report for the more detailed section on pathogen growth and microbial ecology (pp. 30-40 of the 73-page report).

Why is Inoculum Level Important to Predict Growth in Raw Milk?

Well-produced raw milk has relatively low levels of coliform and aerobic bacteria. Farmers who follow RAWMI’s Common Standards for raw milk aim for coliform counts of <10 CFU/mL and Standard Plate Counts of <5,000 CFU/mL. However, don’t let these low coliform counts or low Standard Plate Counts in raw milk fool you.

Raw mammalian milks are complex ecosystems with dense and diverse microbes that benefit health. The natural microbes in raw milks have different requirements for culturing them, so studies that rely on specific culture media for assessing what microbes are present in raw milk are biased. The development of genomic methods that estimate presence of microbial genes or gene products in raw milks without culturing are more reliable for describing the raw milk microbes or microbiota (Oikonomou et al, 2020). Such studies are transforming our understanding of the microbiota of many natural systems in the recent decade, including raw mammalian milks.

The dense and diverse microbiota predominant in raw milk from healthy mammals is illustrated in the figure below by Oikonomou and colleagues (2020; authors’ Figure 2, pg. 4 of 15). The bacteria listed in red text were identified in the milk microbiota from all five types of mammals, bacteria in yellow from 3 or more mammals, and bacteria in blue in less than three mammals. None of these bacteria were identified as pathogens, but rather are natural microbes that appear to benefit human and animal offspring (and adult humans) by ‘seeding and feeding’ the gut. In other words, raw milk ‘seeds’ the gut with beneficial microbes and ‘feeds’ gut and microbial cells with nutrients. The raw milk microbiota also stimulates proper maturation and function of immune, neural, and respiratory systems (Coleman et al., 2021a,b; Dietert et al., 2022).

Oikonomou, et al., “Milk microbiota: what are we exactly talking about?” Frontiers in Microbiology

Predominant beneficial microbes including Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, and certain lactic acid bacteria or LABs (including not just the familiar Lactobacillus, but also 11 other microbes: Lactococcus, Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Carnobacterium, Vagococcus, Leuconostoc, Oenococcus, Pediococcus, Tetragonococcus, Aerococcus and Weissella) are known to outcompete specific pathogens at refrigeration temperatures (Coleman et al., 2003a; Reuben et al., 2020).

A recent study in the Journal of Dairy Science (Reuben et al., 2020) illustrates the importance of incorporating data on the microbiota and microbial ecology of raw milks into Predictive Microbiology models and MRAs.  The authors demonstrated not merely suppression of growth of all pathogens tested (E. coli O157:H7, L. monocytogenes, and Salmonella) by LAB strains isolated from raw cow milk, but also ‘competitive exclusion’ of these pathogens inoculated at both 103 and 106 log10 CFU/mL. Clearly, the natural milk microbiota influences growth of pathogens.

In summary, the raw milk ecosystem differs greatly from sterile nutrient broth. If an MRA relies on pathogen growth models based on broth cultures, be skeptical of its value for predicting pathogen growth in raw milk. Pathogen growth rates in raw milk are likely lower due to suppression or exclusion of pathogens by the natural raw milk microbiota and compounds produced by these beneficial microbes.

How do Microbes in Raw Milk Outcompete and Exclude Pathogens?

The peer-reviewed literature is expanding as researchers document the mechanisms or pathways by which the raw milk microbes benefit health. Microbes in raw milk produce vitamins and enzymes that enhance gut health. Microbes also produce antimicrobial compounds including proteins (bacteriocins) and organic acids like lactic acid that reduce pH and indirectly suppress pathogen growth, modulate the immune system, and reduce inflammation. 

The natural raw milk microbiota also enhances gut mucosal barrier function, and competes with pathogens in the gut nutritionally and spatially (colonizing potential bacterial binding sites, enhancing ‘colonization resistance’ to pathogens, and reducing pathogen infection rates). Consider recent evidence for benefits and risks for the breastmilk microbiota (Coleman et al., 2021a,b) and the cow milk microbiota (Dietert et al., 2022). A large body of evidence also exists that documents mechanisms of interference of LABs with pathogens, including pathogen virulence expression.

Want More Perspectives from a Microbiologist and Risk Assessor?

Feel free to contact me for more information at peg@colemanscientific.org.

Key References Cited

1. Coleman, M. E., Sandberg, S., & Anderson, S. A. (2003a). Impact of microbial ecology of meat and poultry products on predictions from exposure assessment scenarios for refrigerated storage. Risk Analysis: An International Journal, 23(1), 215-228.

2. Coleman, M. E., Tamplin, M. L., Phillips, J. G., & Marmer, B. S. (2003b). Influence of agitation, inoculum density, pH, and strain on the growth parameters of Escherichia coli O157: H7—relevance to risk assessment. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 83(2), 147-160.

3. Dietert, R. R., Coleman, M. E., North, D. W., & Stephenson, M. M. (2022). Nourishing the Human Holobiont to Reduce the Risk of Non-Communicable Diseases: A Cow’s Milk Evidence Map Example. Applied Microbiology, 2(1), 25-52.

4. Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ). (2009). Microbiological Risk Assessment of Raw Cow Milk. Available at: https://www.foodstandards.gov.au/code/proposals/documents/-p1007%20ppps%20for%20raw%20milk%201ar%20sd1%20cow%20milk%20risk%20assessment.pdf.

5. Oikonomou, G., Addis, M. F., Chassard, C., Nader-Macias, M. E. F., Grant, I., Delbès, C., ... & Even, S. (2020). Milk microbiota: what are we exactly talking about? Frontiers in Microbiology, 11, 60.

6. Ross, T., Ratkowsky, D. A., Mellefont, L. A., & McMeekin, T. A. (2003). Modelling the effects of temperature, water activity, pH and lactic acid concentration on the growth rate of Escherichia coli. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 82(1), 33-43.

7. Reuben, R. C., Roy, P. C., Sarkar, S. L., Alam, A. R. U., & Jahid, I. K. (2020). Characterization and evaluation of lactic acid bacteria from indigenous raw milk for potential probiotic properties. Journal of Dairy Science, 103(2), 1223-1237.

8. Salter, M. A., Ross, T., & McMeekin, T. A. (1998). Applicability of a model for non-pathogenic Escherichia coli for predicting the growth of pathogenic Escherichia coli. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 85(2), 357-364.

9. Tamplin, M. L. (2002). Growth of Escherichia coli O157: H7 in raw ground beef stored at 10 C and the influence of competitive bacterial flora, strain variation, and fat level. Journal of Food Protection, 65(10), 1535-1540.

10. Wang, G., Zhao, T., & Doyle, M. P. (1997). Survival and growth of Escherichia coli O157: H7 in unpasteurized and pasteurized milk. Journal of Food Protection, 60(6), 610-613.

It's Time to Go Raw! FREE Video Seminar for Organic Dairy Farmers

Farmers have been denied fair markets for their dairy products for more than a century. Recently, dozens of farmers have recently lost their organic milk contracts and are looking for a sustainable alternative. Raw milk presents a unique opportunity for farmers to move into an expanding market.

Raw milk presents a unique farmstead product that brings all the added value back to the farmer with an incentive to work on quality. By selling directly to consumers, raw milk farmers are able to obtain greater financial rewards for their work, while consumers benefit from the improved flavor and nutrition. It’s a win for both farmers and consumers!

Watch Our FREE 1.5-Hour Video Seminar

Here is a video seminar with lots of practical tips for farmers who are interested in switching to raw milk as a sustainable business model.

This Raw Milk Institute presentation focuses on:

• Why raw milk farms are thriving

• Health benefits of raw milk

• Legality of raw milk

• Benefits of selling raw milk

• Safety and risks of raw milk

• Raw milk risk management

• Building a successful raw milk market

This presentation was part of the 2022 Northeast Organic Farming Association Massachusetts (NOFA Mass) Winter Conference.

It's Time to Go Raw! Online Seminar for Organic Dairy Farmers

Farmers have been denied fair markets for their dairy products for more than a century. Recently, dozens of farmers have recently lost their organic milk contracts and are looking for a sustainable alternative. Raw milk presents a unique opportunity for farmers to move into an expanding market.

On Saturday January 15th 2022 at 4pm Eastern/1pm Pacific, the Raw Milk Institute (RAWMI) will be presenting a 1.5-hour It’s Time to Go Raw seminar. This presentation will be livestreamed online, so that means you could attend from your own location. The presentation will be part of the 2022 Northeast Organic Farming Association Massachusetts (NOFA Mass) Winter Conference.

Raw milk presents a unique farmstead product that brings all the added value back to the farmer with an incentive to work on quality. By selling directly to consumers, raw milk farmers are able to obtain greater financial rewards for their work, while consumers benefit from the improved flavor and nutrition. It’s a win for both farmers and consumers!

About the Training

This RAWMI presentation will focus on:

• Why raw milk farms are thriving

• Health benefits of raw milk

• Legality of raw milk

• Benefits of selling raw milk

• Safety and risks of raw milk

• Raw milk risk management

• Building a successful raw milk market

We'll be providing lots of practical tips for farmers who are interested in switching to raw milk as a sustainable business model.

Registration Fees and Scholarships

The fee to attend the the NOFA Mass Winter Conference is as low as $45. This includes access to the full two-day conference.

We have $35 scholarships available if the cost is prohibitive for you. Email sarah@rawmilkinstitute.org if you want more info on how to apply for a scholarship.

How to Register

If you'd like to attend, the online registration form is here: https://bit.ly/nofawinterconference

Welcome 3 More Farmers to the RAWMI Community

At the Raw Milk Institute, we offer free mentoring to all dairy farmers. Whether they are milking one cow, a handful of goats, or a large herd, the principles of safe raw milk production form a foundational toolset that benefits all dairy farmers and their customers. 

Some of the farmers we mentor choose to keep it casual, and are satisfied to just ask us a few questions before continuing their raw milk journeys. There is another set of farmers, though, that is not content to just dip their toes in the water; they want to dive right in and take their entire milk process to the next level. 

For these farmers, we offer our (free) RAWMI Listing program, wherein we assist farmers in developing their own unique on-farm Risk Analysis and Management Plan, documenting their processes with written Standard Sanitary Operating Procedures, and identifying the Critical Control Points that are essential to their production of safe raw milk. RAWMI Listed farmers test their milk at least monthly for ongoing assurance that their processes are working well to produce low-risk raw milk. RAWMI Listing is the gold standard for raw milk producers.

Three farms have recently completed the RAWMI Listing process, and we extend them a warm welcome into our growing community!

The Barefoot Cow

The Barefoot Cow Farm is a grass-fed, raw milk micro dairy herdshare located in Eastern North Carolina. The Barefoot Cow is owned and operated by Kelsey and Brian Barefoot, with a little help from their 2 young children. Kelsey Barefoot is a former Critical Care Nurse who quit her nursing job to pursue her passion for a healthier life for herself, her family, and her community.  Besides operating their micro-dairy, Kelsey is also an Admin Assistant for RAWMI, where she serves as a first contact for farmers and handles monthly data submissions from Listed farms.   

Kelsey and Brian’s small herd of registered A2/A2 Jersey cows happily graze on 30 rotational acres of natural grass pastures year-round. The Barefoot Cow Farm is an extension of the generational family farm, as Kelsey’s parents operate Jewel Hill Farms, another RAWMI Listed farm.Kelsey helped on her parents’ farm before being mentored to carry on the family’s dedication to safe, raw milk. With their on-farm laboratory, the Barefoot Cow Farm implements a test-and-hold program for every lot of raw milk. This assures that each bottling of raw milk falls within the coliform and standard plate count (SPC) Common Standards for raw milk.

British Columbia Dairy

This micro-dairy in British Columbia is a small herdshare. (Due to the legal situation for raw milk in Canada, this farm remains unnamed on our website.) One of the farmers is a veterinarian, and animal welfare is a top priority. Their farm is small and diverse, integrating managed intensive rotational grazing, follow-the-leader animal impacts, and organic practices to naturally regenerate soils depleted by years of conventional farming. During the grazing season, they move their tiny herd of Jersey cows to fresh grass daily over 5 acres of irrigated silvopastures.

The owners of this farm intentionally returned to a lifestyle where they produce healthy whole foods and humanely raised animals. They are committed to producing clean, nutrient dense, delicious milk. As part of the British Columbia Herdshare Association, their milk is tested regularly for coliforms, SPC, and pathogens. They are excited about the opportunity to provide fresh raw milk to their family and the surrounding supportive community.

Wilson Ranch

Wilson Ranch Dairy is family-owned and operated in the beautiful foothills of the Arkansas Ozark Mountains. Their farm has grown to 429 acres with 25 A2/A2 Jerseys for milking, in addition to beef cattle and sheep. The Wilson family consists of Rob and Nan Wilson and their six children: Aaron, Rachel, Stephen, Luke, Joanna, and John. Rob is a local dentist in Heber Springs, and his son Aaron is a veterinarian that has been a tremendous asset to the Ranch.

Rob’s dental office has an in-clinic laboratory, run by a certified medical technologist. At this lab, Wilson Ranch tests every batch of milk for SPC, coliforms, and e coli 0157-H7. With their test-and-hold program, they are able to ensure that all milk sold meets the RAWMI Common Standards.

Raw Milk Farmers from Coast to Coast and In-Between

Raw milk farmers come from all walks of life. The 26 farmers who are LISTED with the Raw Milk Institute have backgrounds such as helicopter pilot, PhD scientist, electrician, and paramedic. What brings people from so many diverse areas to raw milk farming is the desire to connect with their food, create healthier lives, and provide this life-giving food to their communities.

Three new farms have recently completed the process of being LISTED by the Raw Milk Institute (RAWMI).  Becoming LISTED is much more than an administrative process. It involves one-on-one mentoring from RAWMI as each farm develops a Risk Analysis Management Plan (RAMP) for their unique conditions.  Milk bacterial testing is then used as a confirmation step to ensure that the RAMP is working well. The whole process generally takes a few months to complete.  RAWMI LISTING is the Gold Standard for low-risk raw milk production.  

Here’s an introduction to farmers from Virginia, California, and Michigan who have recently completed the LISTING process. 

A Heart for Learning – Creambrook Farm in Virginia

Ben and Kristen Beichler are the owners of Creambrook Farm, a thriving herdshare dairy in Virginia.  With their herd of over 100 Jerseys on 243 acres of prime Virginia farmland, the Beichler’s are able to provide nutritious grassfed raw milk to 800+ families.   

With so much success as a herdshare dairy, it might be assumed that either Ben or Kristen must have been raised on a farm. Yet, surprisingly, they are both first-generation farmers. At the heart of their success is the ability to learn from and build upon the lessons of others. After all, the Beichlers actually met while both working at Joel Salatin’s Polyface Farm back in 2010.  

Both Ben and Kristen worked on multiple grass-based farms for years, picking up lessons all along the way that would serve them well when they were finally ready to start their own farm. As their own family started to grow, Kristen settled into motherhood while Ben continued to seek farm experience through working at several grazing dairy farms, including The Family Cow in Pennsylvania.  

In 2017, the Beichlers and their young sons were finally able to start Creambrook Farm in Middlebrook, Virginia. Although Ben and Kristen were originally shipping most of their milk to a creamery, within a year they shifted all of their focus to growing the raw milk herdshare. Focusing on raw milk provided a way for them to generate the income necessary to raise their family while working full-time on the farm.  

For the Beichlers and their three young sons (7-year-old James, 4-year-old Nate, and 1.5-year-old Teddy), raw milk nutrition is a vital part of their health. Ben and Kristen have seen benefits in their overall health, and raw milk has nourished Kristen throughout her pregnancies and breastfeeding.  Their three boys naturally transitioned to raw milk after weaning, and have grown to be healthy and happy with raw milk as a staple part of their diets.  

Through their large herdshare, Ben and Kristen are able to share these benefits with their community. The Beichlers are passionate about supporting their members' healthy lifestyles.  They make it easy for Virginia families to have high-quality, delicious raw milk with pick-up sites throughout over the state.

Leaving the Rat Race – Jorasz Family Ranch in Michigan

Growing up in Michigan, Teri Jorasz never wanted to be a farmer.  Her husband Andy worked at his family’s 300 cow commercial dairy, but Teri herself was never interested in the farming lifestyle.  Although Andy had been content to work at his family’s farm since childhood, Teri had been raised in town and never felt any pull towards farming.  She worked in sales, marketing, and customer service for decades, while she and Andy raised their four kids. 

In 2005, Teri and Andy bought a new home with farmland that could be used for growing feed for Andy’s parents’ commercial dairy. With all that extra space, Teri and Andy decided to augment their incomes with butcher animals that they could sell locally. They invested in Hereford swine breeding stock and a small herd of Red Angus cattle.  

Meanwhile, Teri’s work position increased to working 50-60 hours per week in a fast-paced environment with demanding quotas. Years of long, stressful work hours started taking their toll, and Teri felt increasingly dissatisfied with her line of work. She felt a pull to do something more meaningful, and farming started to make deep roots in her heart.   

The Jorasz’s herd of butcher animals was growing and needing more attention, and by early 2020 Teri was ready to resign from her sales job to focus on the farm right outside her window. Almost immediately after Teri resigned, everything changed with COVID.  Businesses were closing or laying off workers, there was a great demand for locally produced meats, and the Jorasz kids were suddenly thrust into homeschooling.  

Teri dove right into the full-time farming lifestyle. She realized that all her previous work and experience had perfectly prepared her to be what she had never expected to be: a farmer! Raw milk farmers often find that the skills they honed in their previous careers are gifts to their farm, and that was the case for Teri, too. 

Following in the footsteps of a friend, Teri decided to embark on creating a raw milk herdshare of her own. With mentoring from Andy, Teri started her herdshare with two Brown Swiss cows in the summer of 2020. Soon, Teri’s herdshare grew to 5 cows serving 90+ herdshare members.  

Teri’s days are full, but now her heart is full, too. After feeling so dissatisfied in her sales jobs, farming was like coming home. Teri revels in being able to work at home alongside her family at the Jorasz Family Ranch.  Her raw milk herdshare is in Bark River, Michigan. 

Creating a Healthier Lifestyle for the Sake of Their Sons – Gebrüder Farm in California

John and Allison Wanninger were both born and raised in Placerville California. Growing up, John learned the “old world” way of life from his German immigrant parents.  Everything was made from scratch, and almost all of their food was grown right at home. John went on to become a machinist and welder for Gist Silversmiths, crafting belt buckles and other western products for the rodeo circuit and country western scene.

Allison grew up just down the road from the Wanninger homestead, and her family dabbled in raising animals and livestock. Allison had an immense love for animals and animal science. She developed a heart for teaching, and specialized in early childhood education with an emphasis on special education. 

John and Allison were married in 2000, and a year later they had their first son, Ethan.  By the time Ethan was 15 months old, it was clear that his development was unusual, and he was later diagnosed with autism, epilepsy, apraxia, and severe developmental delay. The Wanningers became participants in the UC Davis Mind Institute’s research on finding the connection between environmental and genetic factors that cause autism.

The researchers from UC Davis performed an exhaustive study of the environment inside and outside the Wanninger’s home, inventorying every product and food in the home and collecting samples of blood, soil, and air.  Researchers were even at the hospital to take blood samples and perform tests when the Wanninger’s second son Braden was born.

The last time the researchers visited the Wanninger home, Allison was finally able to get them to reveal some of their findings.  The researchers explained that, if they were trying to prevent autism in their own families, they would focus on eating an organic and natural diet while also removing everything unnatural from the environment (chemicals, fragrances, pesticides, and herbicides). This was a life-changing moment for the Wanningers, and from that day forward they moved to create a healthier environment for their sons to grow up in.

Building off of John’s own homestead upbringing, the Wanningers dove into growing and raising their own food. They eventually moved back onto the seven-acre property where John had grown up, and in just a few short years, they brought the farm back to life. They now raise heritage pigs, chickens, beef cows, and dairy cows for the health of their own family as well as the local community.

Allison and John named their farm Gebrüder, which means brothers, since their farm was born out of a desire to create healthier lives for their two sons. Gebrüder Farm serves as a beacon in their community, hosting quarterly educational events, supporting local artisans, and training interns from the local veterinary program.

Annual Report for Raw Milk Institute

The Raw Milk Institute (RAWMI) is on a mission to improve the safety and quality of raw milk and raw milk products through farmer training, rigorous raw milk standards, raw milk research, and improving consumer education.

In 2020, RAWMI was awarded a 2nd grant from the Regenerative Agriculture Foundation (RAF) to further our work. RAWMI matches an economic benefit of stewardship of pastures and soils to high value raw dairy products for consumers. Safe raw milk from pastured cows can sustain the farm financially while the grazing improves the soils.

With the 2nd grant from RAF, RAWMI was able to accomplish much towards the overall goal of universal access to safe raw milk. With the unique challenges of 2020, RAWMI was able to adapt to the changing conditions and successfully develop new models for training and outreach.

Over the last year, RAWMI:

• Gave 14 raw milk training presentations (via Zoom)

• Trained over 500 farmers, legislators, university professors, and consumers on raw milk benefits and risk management (via Zoom)

• Prepared and presented an intensive 4.5 hour training course on Raw Milk Risk Management, for the Ohio Ecological Food and Farming Association (OEFFA)

• LISTED six new farms, who went through the process of developing an individualized Risk Assessment and Management Plan (RAMP) for managing the health and hygiene of their unique farms

• Provided one-on-one mentoring in the production of low-risk raw milk to over 25 additional farms in California, Michigan, Virginia, Michigan, Panama, Argentina, South Dakota, Hawaii, Montana, Washington, Tennessee, North Dakota, Oregon, Connecticut, and British Columbia

• Hosted quarterly meetings for LISTED farmers, which allow the farmers to stay up-to-date on the latest lessons learned for safe raw milk

• Amassed hundreds of raw milk test data from RAWMI LISTED farms 

• Attended and sponsored International Milk Genomics Consortium Conference (via Zoom)

• Collaborated with raw milk researchers in better understanding trends in raw milk-related outbreaks and illnesses

• Worked towards legalization of interstate raw butter and increased legal access to raw milk in Oregon and South Carolina

• Published 20 content pieces on the RAWMI website

• Provided on-farm lab grants to 4 farms

• Provided scholarships for OEFFA training to 10 farmers

Raw Milk Training

RAWMI taught about raw milk health benefits and safety throughout the United States. Whenever RAWMI teaches about raw milk risk management, soil and conditions management are emphasized as key elements in creating healthy, sustainable farms.

Dairy animals grazing on pastures provide a critical link to the soil biome and restorative farm practices. Pasture-based dairy farms produce healthy soils that are rehabilitated and renewed through the cycle of returning organic carbon to the soil in the form of plants biomass and manure. The resulting food that is harvested by either the animals or the farmer is rich in nutritional elements needed for human health.

Via Zoom, raw milk training was presented to over 500 farmers, legislators, university professors, and consumers in association with the following:

• Ohio Ecological Food and Farming Association

• Take Back Your Health Symposium

• Village Fitness and Physical Therapy

• Andrew Columbini (Los Angeles blogger)

• Pennsylvania Grazer’s Convention

• Mid-Atlantic Agriculture Convention

Attendees at RAWMI’s training classes provided feedback such as the following.

“I so enjoyed the RAWMI training yesterday. It was quite energizing to be surrounded virtually with like-minded individuals wanting to produce exceptionally high quality raw milk. For me, the combination of technical information and anecdotes is very effective for explaining why the RAWMI methods are important and how they solve a raw milk producer challenges. I came away with practical solutions to increase the quality/value of our milk and farm. Thank you."

“I left the Zoom meeting with a very clear understanding of what we are doing right and where we need to make changes. Beyond that, though, I left inspired to pursue excellence and cast a clear vision to everyone who is joining me in this endeavor.” 

 “The information was also rich and informative. I learned a ton and the systematic way you presented it was easy to follow and comprehensive.” 

“I cannot wait to move forward with you in becoming RAWMI Listed. We will be making some changes as we form our RAMP plan. We have already adjusted our milk chilling and have seen an improvement in flavor and longevity.” 

“Thank you for all you do. I have no doubt history will look back at the RAWMI as having played a crucial role in reforming raw milk production, health, and nutrition.”

“Excellent presentation that every single person who dairies for themselves and their family should take and learn from. Thank you very much.”

“This has been excellent!  ONLINE was so helpful as it’s hard to travel and be away.”

Farmer Mentoring  

RAWMI worked with individual farmers across the United States, Canada, and South America. RAWMI provided one-on-one mentoring and troubleshooting support for low-risk raw milk production, including helping farmers optimize their raw milk production, overcome problems in their milk systems and testing, and learn more about successful business practices.  This mentorship benefited farmers in:

• California

• Michigan

• Virginia

• Wyoming

• Panama

• Argentina

• South Dakota

• Hawaii

• Montana

• Washington

• Tennessee

• North Dakota

• Oregon

• Connecticut

• British Columbia

RAWMI LISTED Farms

RAWMI LISTED farmers are dedicated to producing clean, safe raw milk. The RAWMI listing process involves the development of individualized Risk Assessment and Management Plans (RAMPs) for managing the health and hygiene of each unique farm. RAWMI LISTED farms submit test data monthly to show that they are in compliance with RAWMI Common Standards, which target a rolling three-month average of <5,000 standard plate count (SPC) and <10 coliforms per ml of raw milk.

In the last year, RAWMI LISTED five more farms, in Virginia, Michigan, Kansas, and Wisconsin. To-date, RAWMI has LISTED 25 farms, and there are currently 20 active LISTED farms in the United States and Canada

RAWMI provided continuing support to all LISTED farmers to enable sustained excellence in low-risk raw milk. This included quarterly meetings for LISTED farmers, which allow the farmers to stay up-to-date on the latest lessons learned for safe raw milk, exchange ideas for improvements, and collaborate with the RAWMI Board of directors.  

RAWMI also sponsored general raw milk educational outreach and advertising through social media. This outreach specifically targeted regions across the United States where RAWMI LISTED dairies are located, to connect consumers to LISTED farmers. 

Raw Milk Research and Science

RAWMI’s mission includes supporting raw milk research and science. RAWMI LISTED farmers test their milk at least monthly for coliforms and Standard Plate Count (SPC). These tests provide a way to measure the amount of bacteria present in the milk, as well as providing a measure of the overall hygiene and cleanliness of the milk. Monthly testing serves as a useful confirmation step for ensuring that raw milk is being produced in a way that discourages pathogen growth and is therefore low-risk.

Test data from LISTED farms is submitted to RAWMI monthly. RAWMI amassed hundreds of test data from RAWMI LISTED farms over the last year.  This data can be used for raw milk research. 

RAWMI was a sponsor of the 17th International Milk Genomics Consortium (IMGC) and attended the virtual IMGC conference. As part of that conference, RAWMI is now engaged with international research and relationships with PhD researchers across the world. The IMGC provides access to the most leading-edge studies on milk genomics.

One of the studies presented at the conference this year was related to the loss of allergy-protective capacity of raw milk due to heating.  This study “tested the various heat-treated milk samples for their native protein profile and their allergy-protective capacity... the allergy-protective effect of raw cow's milk is lost after heating milk for 30 min at 65 °C [149 °F] or higher. This loss of protection coincided with a reduction in native immunologically active whey proteins.” The whey protein in raw milk provides protection from allergies, asthma, and inflammation.  When heated above 149 °F, these properties are dramatically reduced or eliminated. This finding is an important confirmation of the unique beneficial properties of whole, unprocessed raw milk. 

Raw Dairy Legalization and Support

RAWMI collaborated with the Farm-to-Consumer Legal Defense Fund (FTCLDF) towards the legalization of raw butter. Raw butter is an exceptionally nutritious food. For instance, the enzyme alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is found in the butter fat membrane that covers fat globules. ALP decreases inflammation in the body; it is associated with good health and less chronic illness, such as cardiovascular disease and Type-2 diabetes. Raw milk has 4% butter fat, but raw butter contains 86% fat and thus it is very high in alkaline phosphatase.  ALP enzyme is destroyed by pasteurization. The case for legalization of raw butter is currently going through the court system.  

RAWMI is also working towards legalization of raw milk in specific states.  RAWMI provided testimony to lawmakers in Oregon and South Carolina. Furthermore, RAWMI worked with the Organic Farmers Association and the National Farmers Union to create national policies for raw milk. 

Raw Dairy Educational Outreach

RAWMI created numerous educational materials and articles for raw milk consumers and the general public. 20 articles were published to the RAWMI website and social media, with a wide array of topics including:

• How to find a good raw milk farmer

• Immunity, the immune system, and raw milk

• Factory farms vs. sustainable local farms during COVID-19

• Raw milk, asthma, and lung health

• Advice for farmers considering the switch to raw milk

• Two types of raw milk

• Why humans drink raw milk

• Raw milk udder preparation

• Soil fertility and pastures for high-quality raw milk

• Why raw milk standards matter

• Raw milk and lactose intolerance

On-Farm Lab Sponsorships

RAWMI sponsored four farms in building on-farm labs for raw milk bacterial testing. On-farm lab testing is a powerful tool for raw milk farmers. It allows for frequent testing, so farmers can better identify issues before they turn into big problems, and it also helps immeasurably with troubleshooting when needed. On-farm labs require an initial investment of $800-$1,000, but once the lab is in-place the cost per test is only $1-$3. With RAWMI’s sponsorship, four farms were able to build their own on-farm labs for testing coliforms and Standard Plate Count.

Welcome to the First RAWMI Listed Goat Dairy: Bees Knees Farm

Forensic Biology Meets Raw Milk

Raw milk farmers come from all walks of life.  Sarah Williams, from Bees Knees Farm in Virginia, has a PhD in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.  She has worked in Virginia’s crime laboratory, spent time in Iraq helping to get crime laboratories started, and is now an Associate Professor who performs research in Forensic Science. It may seem surprising that Sarah is also a goat milk farmer, but actually her experience with forensics complements her work to produce clean, safe raw milk.

In her work as a forensic molecular biologist, Sarah was already familiar with systems and techniques for keeping things clean and preventing contamination.  These skills naturally carried over into Sarah’s work on the farm, since proper cleanliness and hygiene are foundational to the production of low-risk raw milk. What a great synergy of skills!

 Animal Husbandry to Rejuvenate Their Land

While Sarah focuses on raw milk production at the farm, her husband Dennis concentrates on raising forested Berkshire pigs and pastured poultry.  They have worked hard to rejuvenate the land on their property in Virginia.  Previously a commercial pine forest, their land turned out to have poor quality, acidic soil which was in dire need of improvement.

By purposefully keeping a variety of animals, Sarah and Dennis are successfully rebuilding their soil as they provide sustenance for their own family and many others. The Williams’ use intensive rotational grazing of their goats, chickens, pigs, rabbits, turkeys and horses on fresh pasture and woodland. This maximizes the benefits to both animals and land.

Continual Improvement

Hygienic milking practices along with management of farm conditions are important steps towards producing safe raw milk. Regular bacteria testing is essential.  Milk bacteria testing serves as a verification step to assure that milk is being produced to meet high standards and dramatically reduces the potential of pathogen growth. RAWMI Listed farmers agree to test their milk at least once a month, and many choose to test even more often.

As a recent improvement, Sarah built an on-farm laboratory at Bees Knees Farm, to enable her to perform frequent bacterial testing of her goat’s milk. On-farm labs allow dairy farmers to test their milk more frequently and inexpensively, and such labs are also quite useful in allowing farmers to measure any impacts from changes in their milk production practices or systems.

Sharing Nutrition and Knowledge

In addition to producing a wide range of farm fresh foods for her local community, Sarah also has an online Herdshare School. What started as a hobby became a passion for producing clean, safe raw milk and encouraging others to do the same.  Through her Herdshare School, Sarah mentors other farmers who are getting started with their own herdshares.  We welcome Sarah Williams and Bees Knees Farm to the community of RAWMI Listed farmers.